Anne Spencer Morrow Lindbergh (June 22, – February 7, ) was an American author and aviator. She was the wife of decorated pioneer aviator Charles Lindbergh, with whom she made many exploratory flights.. Following the kidnapping and murder of their eldest child, Anne and Charles moved to Europe in to escape the American press and hysteria Nov 11, · On an icy November afternoon in , in the thatch-roofed Cambridge meetinghouse of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, 40 magistrates sat ready to pass judgment on a woman whom they believed posed the gravest threat yet to the fragile social and political order of the seven-year-old colony: Anne Hutchinson, a year-old mother of 12 living children and Anne Hutchinson was born Anne Marbury to parents Francis Marbury and Bridget Dryden in Alford, Lincolnshire, England, and baptised there on 20 July Her father was an Anglican cleric in London with strong Puritan leanings, who felt strongly that a clergy should be well educated and clashed with his superiors on this issue. Marbury's repeated challenges to the
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Anne Hutchinson née Marbury ; July — August was a Puritan spiritual advisor, anne hutchinson essay, religious reformer, and an important participant in the Antinomian Controversy which shook the infant Massachusetts Bay Colony from to Her strong religious convictions were at odds with the established Puritan clergy in the Boston area and her popularity and charisma helped create a theological schism that threatened to destroy the Puritans' religious community in New England, anne hutchinson essay.
She was eventually tried and convicted, then banished from the colony with many of her supporters. Hutchinson was born in AlfordLincolnshireEngland, the daughter of Francis Marburyan Anglican cleric and school teacher who gave her a far better education than most other girls received. She lived in London as a young adult, and there married a friend from home, William Hutchinson.
The couple moved back to Alford where they began following preacher John Cotton in the nearby port of Boston, Lincolnshire. Cotton was compelled to emigrate inand the Hutchinsons followed a year later with anne hutchinson essay 11 children and soon became well established in the growing settlement of Boston in New England. Hutchinson was a midwife and helpful to those needing her assistance, as well as forthcoming with her personal religious understandings.
Soon she was hosting women at her house weekly, providing commentary on recent sermons. These meetings became so popular that she began offering meetings for men as well, including the young governor of the colony, Henry Vane. Hutchinson began to accuse the local ministers except for Cotton and her husband's brother-in-law, John Wheelwright anne hutchinson essay preaching a covenant of works rather than a covenant of graceand many ministers began to complain about her increasingly blatant accusations, anne hutchinson essay, as well as certain unorthodox theological teachings.
The situation eventually erupted into what is commonly called the Antinomian Controversyculminating in her trial, conviction, and banishment from the colony. This was followed by a March church trial in which she was put out of her congregation. Hutchinson and many of her supporters established the settlement of Anne hutchinson essay with encouragement from Providence Plantations founder Roger Williams in what became the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.
After her husband's death a few years later, threats of Massachusetts taking over Rhode Island compelled Hutchinson to move totally outside the reach of Boston into the lands of the Dutch. Five of her older surviving children remained in New England or in England, anne hutchinson essay, while she settled with her younger children near an ancient landmark, Split Rockin what later became The Bronx in New York City, anne hutchinson essay.
Tensions were anne hutchinson essay at the time with the Siwanoy Indian tribe. In Augustanne hutchinson essay, Hutchinson, six of her children, and other household members were killed by Siwanoys during Kieft's War.
The only survivor was her nine-year-old daughter Susannaanne hutchinson essay, who was taken captive. Hutchinson is a key figure in the history of religious freedom in England's American colonies and the history of women in ministry, challenging the authority of the ministers. She is honored by Massachusetts with a State House monument calling her a "courageous exponent of civil liberty and anne hutchinson essay toleration".
Anne Hutchinson was born Anne Marbury to parents Francis Marbury and Bridget Dryden in AlfordLincolnshire, England, and baptised there on 20 July anne hutchinson essay Inhe was given a public trial, anne hutchinson essay which he made a transcript from memory during a period of house arrest.
For his conviction of heresy, Marbury spent two years in Marshalsea Prison on the south side of the River Thames across from London. He moved to the remote market town of Alford in Lincolnshire, about miles km north of London. One possible reason why Marbury taught his daughters may have been that six of his first seven children were girls. Another reason may have been that the ruling class in Elizabethan England began realising that girls could be schooled, looking to the anne hutchinson essay of the queen, who spoke six foreign languages, anne hutchinson essay.
In when Hutchinson was 15, her family moved from Alford to the heart of London, where her father was given the position of vicar of St Martin Vintry. The year after her father's death, Anne Marbury, aged 21, married William Hutchinsona familiar acquaintance from Alford who was a fabric merchant then working in London.
Soon they heard about an engaging minister named John Cotton who preached at St Botolph's Church in the large port of Bostonabout 21 miles 34 km from Alford.
Another strong influence on Hutchinson was closer to her home in the nearby town of Bilsby. Her brother-in-law, the young minister John Wheelwrightpreached a message like that of Cotton.
This led to the rise of conventicleswhich were gatherings of anne hutchinson essay who had found grace" to listen to sermon repetitions, discuss and debate anne hutchinson essay, and pray.
The Puritans wanted to do away with the ceremony of the Church of England and govern their churches based on a consensus of the parishioners. They preferred to anne hutchinson essay bishops appointed by the monarchs, choose their own church elders or governorsand provide for a lay leader and two ministers—one a teacher in charge of doctrine, and the other a pastor in charge of people's souls.
Anne hutchinson essay the voyage to the colonies, she gave birth to their child, whom they named Seaborn. When Cotton left England, anne hutchinson essay, Anne Hutchinson described it as a "great trouble unto her," and said that she "could not be at rest" until she followed her minister to New England.
They sailed aboard the Griffinanne hutchinson essay, the same ship that had carried Cotton and their oldest son a year earlier. William Hutchinson was successful in his mercantile business and brought a considerable estate with him to New England, anne hutchinson essay, [27] arriving in Boston in the late summer of The Hutchinson family purchased a half-acre lot on the Shawmut Peninsula, now downtown Boston.
He became a town selectman and deputy to the General Court. The Hutchinsons became members of the First Church in Bostonthe most important church in the colony. Hutchinson's visits to women in childbirth led to discussions along the lines of the conventicles in England. She soon began hosting weekly meetings at her home for women who anne hutchinson essay to discuss Cotton's sermons and hear her explanations and elaborations. As the meetings continued, anne hutchinson essay, Hutchinson began offering her own religious views, stressing that only "an intuition of the Spirit" would lead to one's election by God, and not good works.
Hutchinson responded to this with a verse from Titussaying that "the elder women should instruct the younger. Hutchinson's gatherings were seen as unorthodox by some of the colony's ministers, and differing religious opinions within the colony eventually became public debates.
The resulting religious tension erupted into what has traditionally been called the Antinomian Controversy, but has more recently been labelled the Free Grace Controversy. The Reverend Zechariah Symmes had sailed to New England on the same ship as the Hutchinsons. In Septemberhe told another minister that he doubted Anne Hutchinson's orthodoxy, anne hutchinson essay, based on questions that she asked him following his shipboard sermons. Ina difficult situation occurred when senior pastor John Wilson returned from a lengthy trip to England where he had been settling his affairs.
Hutchinson was exposed to his teaching for the first time, and she saw a big difference between her own doctrines and his. She told her followers that Wilson lacked "the seal of the Spirit. Thomas Shepardthe minister of Newtown which later became Cambridgebegan writing letters to Cotton as early as the spring of Shepard went even further when he began criticising the Boston opinions to his Newtown congregation during his sermons.
Wheelwright had been a neighbour of the Hutchinsons in Lincolnshire, and his wife was a sister of Hutchinson's husband. Vane was a strong supporter of Hutchinson, but he also had his own ideas about anne hutchinson essay that were considered not only unorthodox, but radical by some. Hutchinson and the other free grace advocates continued to question the orthodox ministers in the colony. Wheelwright began preaching at Mount Wollastonabout ten miles south of the Boston meetinghouse, and his sermons began to answer Shepard's criticisms with his own criticism of the covenant of works.
This mounting "pulpit aggression" continued throughout the summer, anne hutchinson essay, along with the lack of respect shown Boston's Reverend Wilson. Wilson endured these religious differences for several months before deciding that the affronts and errors were serious enough to require a response.
On or shortly after 21 OctoberWinthrop gave the first public warning of the problem that consumed him and the leadership of the Massachusetts Bay Colony for much of the next two years. Hutchinson, a member of the church at Boston, anne hutchinson essay, a anne hutchinson essay of a ready wit and a bold spirit, brought over with her two dangerous errors: 1.
That the person of the Holy Ghost dwells in a justified person. That no sanctification can help to evidence to us our justification, anne hutchinson essay. On 25 Octoberseven anne hutchinson essay gathered at the home of Cotton to confront the developing discord; they held a "private conference" which included Hutchinson and other lay leaders from the Boston church.
Wheelwright; so as they all did hold, that sanctification did help to evidence justification, anne hutchinson essay. Hutchinson responded to this only when prompted, and only to one or two ministers at a time. She believed that her response, which was largely coaxed from her, was private and confidential. By lateas the controversy deepened, Hutchinson and her supporters were accused of two heresies in the Puritan church: antinomianism and familism.
The word "antinomianism" literally means "against or opposed to the law"; in a theological context, it means "the moral law is not binding upon Christians, anne hutchinson essay, who are under the law of grace, anne hutchinson essay. By winter, the theological schism had become great enough that the General Court called for a day of fasting to help ease the colony's difficulties.
During the appointed fast-day on Thursday, 19 JanuaryWheelwright preached at the Boston church in the afternoon, anne hutchinson essay.
To the Puritan clergy, his sermon was "censurable and incited mischief", [55] but the free grace advocates were encouraged, and they became more vociferous in their opposition to the "legal" ministers. Governor Vane began challenging the doctrines of the colony's divines, and supporters of Hutchinson refused to serve during the Pequot War of because Wilson was the chaplain of the expedition.
By March, the political tide began to turn against the free grace advocates. Wheelwright was tried for contempt and sedition that month for his fast-day sermon and was convicted in a close vote, anne hutchinson essay, but not yet sentenced. During the election of MayHenry Vane was replaced as governor by John Winthrop; in addition, all the other Boston magistrates who supported Hutchinson and Wheelwright were voted out of office, anne hutchinson essay.
By the summer ofVane sailed back to England, anne hutchinson essay, never to return. With his departure, the time was ripe for the orthodox party to deal with the remainder of their rivals. The autumn court of convened on 2 November and sentenced Wheelwright to banishment, ordering him to leave the colony within 14 days. Several of the other supporters of Hutchinson and Wheelwright were tried and given varied sentences, anne hutchinson essay.
Following these preliminaries, it was Anne Hutchinson's turn to be tried. Hutchinson was brought to trial on 7 Novemberwith Wheelwright banished and other court business taken care of. The trial was presided over by Governor John Winthrop, on the charge of "traducing [slandering] the ministers". Other charges against her were laid out by Winthrop, including being one who "troubled the peace of the commonwealth and churches", promoting and divulging opinions that had caused recent troubles, and continuing to hold meetings at her home despite a recent synod that had condemned them.
They found it difficult to charge her because she had never spoken her opinions in public, unlike Wheelwright and the other men who had been tried, nor had she ever signed any statements about them.
Winthrop's first two lines of prosecution were to portray her as a co-conspirator of others who had openly caused trouble in the colony, and then to fault her for holding conventicles.
Question by question, anne hutchinson essay, Hutchinson effectively stonewalled him in her responses, [61] and Winthrop was unable to find a way to convert her known membership in a seditious faction into a convictable offence. Deputy governor Thomas Dudley had a substantial background in law, and he stepped in to assist the prosecution. Dudley questioned Hutchinson about her conventicles and her association with the other conspirators.
With no answer by Hutchinson, he moved on to the charge of her slandering the ministers. The remainder of the trial was spent on this last charge. The prosecution intended to demonstrate that Hutchinson had made disparaging remarks about the colony's ministers, and to use the October meeting as their evidence.
Her defence was that she had spoken reluctantly and in private, that she "must either speak false or true in my answers" in the ministerial context of the meeting. At the end of the first day of the trial, Winthrop recorded, "Mrs. Hutchinson, the court you anne hutchinson essay hath labored to bring you to acknowledge the error of your way that so you might be reduced. The time now grows late. We shall therefore give you a little more time to consider of it and therefore desire that you attend the court again in the morning.
Salty Colonial Dissenters: Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams
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Mary Dyer was a friend of Anne Hutchinson and stood by Anne when she was banished from the colony. Mary and her family moved to Rhode Island and years later Mary became a Quaker. This change in her religion eventually led to her persecution. Get the scoop on Mary, Anne, and Roger. Links to images and pictures enhance the already exciting narrative Essays on poems by Robert Frost, Anne Sexton, Gwendolyn Brooks, John Donne, Walt Whitman, Gertrude Stein, Elizabeth Alexander, Agha Shahid Ali, and more. Anne Hutchinson was banished. Poem Guide. Anne Finch, Countess of Winchilsea: “The Answer” Learn more about our most popular authors and upcoming author events at Penguin Random House
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